Illustrations

Some of the illustrations appear in two or more chapters if they are relevant to the text. Links open the web page used as sources for and/or information about the illustration. Links to chapters can be found in the Table of Contents.

 

1. "William Thornton in 1804" By his friend Gilbert Stuart in National Gallery of Art Wikipedia (intro p. 7)

2. "The Old Capitol in 1846" photograph, Library of Congress: (intro p. 7)

3."The Octagon in the 20th century" photograph, Library of Congress: (intro p.8)

4. "Adolph Cluss Strikes a pose" cropped photo of the National Museum Building Committee 1880, Smithsonian: (intro, p. 10)

5. "Glenn Brown" photographed at office in Octagon, ca. 1900, by Francis Benjamin Johnson, Library of Congress:(intro p. 11)

6. "Tortola in 1798: divided into sugar plantations" Wikimedia Commons: (Chapter One p. 14)

7.  "Old Customs House in Lancaster built as Thornton grew up in and around the city": Wikipedia:(Chapter I p. 14)  

8.  "Augustus with Thornton written in Greek" copied from Harris, Papers of William Thornton: (I p. 16)

9. "Thomas Wilkinson's Cottage" Wordsworth Trust: (I p, 17)

10. "Edinburgh Royal Infirmary" Wellcome Collection: (I p. 18)

11. " Dr. Thornton of London" copied from Harris, Papers of William Thornton: (I p. 21)

12. "Dr. Lettsom and Family in his Garden" Wellcome Collection: (I p. 22}

13. "Thornton Sketch"  copied from Harris, Papers of William Thornton (I p. 24)

14. "Smeathman's Drawing of Termite Hills" Linda Hall Library, (I p. 25)

15. "Quaker Grave Yard at Fat Hog Bay, Tortola" Copied from Jenkins, Tortola: a Quaker Experiment Long Ago in the Tropics, page 66: (Chapter II, p. 28

16. " Lettsom's Island, engraving based on Thornton drawing" Wellcome Collection: (II p. 29)

17. "Thornton owned half of plantation 27"  crop of illustration #6 (II p. 30)

18.  "Newport, Rhode Island: Washington Square Long Wharf 1818" Aforarch,com (II p. 33)

19. "Boston State House"  Wikimedia commons, (II p. 34}

20. "Philadelphia's State House Square" United States Capitals.org (II p. 36]

21. "Thornton drawing from Westcott's John Fitch: Inventor of the Steamboat" (II p. 37)

22. "19th century illustrator's conception of Fitch's first boat" (II, p. 39) 

23. "19th century illustrator's conception of Fitch's second boat" (II, p. 39_

24. " James Madison by Peale 1784" Wikimedia Commons (II p. 40}

25. "Library Company 1800" by William Russell Birch (II p. 42)

26. "A 1757 map of Maryland before the Plan" NY Public Library; (Chapter III p. 43)

27. "A hint of L'Enfant's plan for the Capitol?"Snip from plan in Lib. of Congress:  (III p. 44)

28. "Chateau de Chaville" Wikimedia Commons: (III p. 45)

29. "Engraving of Society of Cincinnati Diploma drawn by L'Enfant" Wikimedia Commons (III p. 46.)

30. "Federal Hall" Library of Congress (III p. 49)

31. "The Louvre" (III p. 51)

32. " The Plan" Wikimedia Commons (III p. 52)

33.. "Announcement of the Capitol Design Contest" snip from Dunlap's Advertiser March 24, 1792, (III p. 53)

34.  "Hallet's 1791 design" Library of Congress (III p. 55)

34A. "1831 Painting of West Front of Capitol" by John Reubens Smith, Library of Congress

35. "Honeymoon Portrait" Copied from Harris, Papers of William Thornton, (Chapter IV p. 58)

36. "Outside the church where Thorntons were married, 1800 engraving," Library Company of Philadelphia: (IV p. 58)

37. "1809 drawing of Virgin Islands" by Joseph Constantine Stadler: (IV p. 59)

38. "Title Page of Cadmus" (IV p. 61)

39. "Design Contest Prospectus" Snip from newspaper: (IV p. 62)

40. "The Tortola Design" Library of Congress (IV p. 63)

41.  "Samuel Blodget by John Trumbull 1784" Wikimedia Commons (IV p. 65)

41A. "Above: floor plan for Tortola design (Library of Congress). Below: floor plan for Hallet's 1791 design" (Library of Congress). 

41B. "Snip of Cadmus introduction" 

42.  "A sketch on back of Thornton's Tortola design " (IV p. 67) Snip from Hawkins, "Graphic Origins of the Capitol Rotunda" The Capitol Dome, Vol. 50 Number 3, Summer 2013, p. 11.

43. "The 200 plates were mostly elevations and there were many floor plans" Both images snipped from Royal Academy of Art: (IV p. 68)

44. "An 1818 map with the only copy of what is supposed to be the winning design" A snip from map in Library of Congress: (IV p. 71)

45. "Only $7 a ticket when most workers were lucky to make $1 a day" Snip from newspaper (IV p. 71)

46. "Jefferson in 1791"  National Portrait Gallery (Chapter V p. 74)

47. "Hallet's March 1793 elevation" Library of Congress  (V p. 75)

48. "The Farnese Hercules" Wikipedia: photo of restored copy at Museo Archeologico in Napoli (V p. 76)

49. "The Escurial, a monastery and regal residence to which the Capitol could not compare" Crop of 1722 painting by Wass at Prado Museum (V p. 79)

50. "Louvre. 19th century print" Britannica (V p. 79)

51. "An 1818 map with the only copy of what is supposed to be the winning design" A snip from map in Library of Congress: (V p. 82)

52, "Thornton's West Front or "Alternate Design" Library of Congress (V p. 82)

53. "Thornton's design for a house on Square 171" Library of Congress (V p. 83)

54. "James Greenleaf by Gilbert Stuart" Wikipedia  (V p. 84)

55. 'Area first infected by yellow fever in 1793; painting by Birch, 1800"  Wikimedia Commons (V p. 86)

56."Even with the help of slaves, surveying lot lines was expensive" RG 42 National Archives (V p. 89)

57. "In 1948 the White House was gutted prior to a complete renovation. The building is about the size of the North Wing of the Old Capitol. This photo gives an idea of the shallow sandstone foundation of both building (be sure to click photo enlarge it.)" I found the photos on a National Archives site. They are now on a Truman Library site. A Google search "national archives photos of 1949 restoration of White House" comes up with multiple sources. (Chapter VI  p. 91)

58. "Renovation of the White House in 1949 revealed the rough-hewn foundation of the 1790's where designs gave way to the reality of  shovels, mallets and chisels." National Archives (VI p. 92)

59. "Square 21 and Peter's Hill"  Snip of "Historical Map of City of Washington... LOC": (VI p. 92)

60. "Hallet's floor plan" Library of Congress (VI p. 94)

61. "Thornton's floor plan" Library of Congress  (VI p. 97)

62. "Hallet's March 1793 response to Thornton's design"  Library of Congress    (VI p. 97)

63. "Ferdinando Fairfax" Encyclopedia of Virginia (VI p. 99)

64. "Gustavus Scott" New York Public Library   (VI p. 101)

65. "The real city in 1794: the abodes of Notley Young and his slaves" Snips from map in Library of Congress.(Chapter VII p. 103)

66. "Washington bought lots in Square 667 at the foot of South Capitol Street" Copied from Founders on-line: (VII p. 104)

67. "The Simmons House/Honeymoon House/Thomas Law House" Copied from Allen Clark's Greenleaf and Law in the Federal City (1900), p. 239 (VII p. 105)

68. "Portland Place, London 1800" Royal Academy of Art  (VII p. 107)

69. "Cranch-Duncanson House in 1933" Wikipedia (VII p. 108)

70. A Plat of downtown Georgetown 1794  Library of Congress (VII p. 110)

71. "Aquatint by Parkyns", Library of Congress  (VII p. 112)

72. "Robert Morris house in Philadelphia where the president lived and worked" Wikipedia (Chapter VIII p. 117)

73. "Icon on a slope (Don Hawkins' map, LOC)"  Library of Congress (VIII p. 118)

74. "Thornton's conception of Roman Temple-like West Front" Library of Congress  (VIII p. 119)

75. "Essay extolling Hallet's design" Snip from Gazette of the United States, February 11 1795 Read on-line at www.rarenewspapers  (VIII p. 122)

76. "At issue: the truncated square west of Square 4"  Snip of "Historical Map of City of Washington... LOC" (VIII p. 124)

77. "Thomas Law in 1796" Mount Vernon Museum (VIII p. 127)

78. "Six buildings on Pennsylvania Avenue NW" Library of Congress (VIII p. 127)

79. "Clark's four buildings which he had left unfinished" Snip from Clark, Greenleaf and Law in the Federal City (1900) p. 137 (VIII p. 128)

80. "Kidwell's Meadows" Library of Congress (VIII p. 131)

81."Thornton's 'Alternate Design'" Library of Congress (VIII p. 133)

82. "Don Hawkin's model of Thornton East and West Fronts combined" Library of Congress (VIII p. 134)

83. "Sculptures on the Thornton's West Front" Snip of "Alternate Design" (VIII p. 134)

84. "Hadfield's Capitol design"  GPO-CDOC-106sdoc29-6 pdf. p. 31 (Chapter IX p. 136)

85. "Wanstead House"  Wikipedia (IX p. 138)

86. "Hadfield corrected the caption and only claimed credit for the attic and dome" Snip from Bryan, History of National Capital vol. 1 p. 318 (IX p. 143)

87. "Robert Morris" National Portrait Gallery  (IX p. 145)

88. "Elizabeth Parke Custis Law" Wikipedia  (IX p. 147)

89."Historians attribute the design of this house to a man named Langley, but in the contract for the sale of the building lot,  Langley agreed to “conform” to a design drawn by William Lovering" Snip from drawing in Winterthur Library  (IX p. 149)

90. "Transferable Certificate for Lot Used as Scrip Currency by Nicholson"  Library of Congress Ms. Div. (Snip from Through a Fiery Trial p. facing p. 375 (IX p. 150)

91. "Tunnicliff's Hotel" from Journal of Columbia Historical Society   (IX p. 151)

91A. Lovering's wife's tombstone

92. "John Tayloe III 1806" (Gilbert Stuart) HouseTree (Chapter X p. 153)

93. "Every lot, deep coloured red with green plots, designates some of the situations which command the most agreeable prospects, which are best calculated for spacious houses and gardens, such as may accommodate foreign ministers & c." Snip from L'Enfant's "manuscript plan"(X p. 155)

94. "Thornton wanted embassies facing Square 169, 170, 171, 224, 225 and 226" Snip from 1818 Map of City of Washington, Library of Congress (X p. 155)

95. "The Thorntons' F Street Neighborhood circa 1817" New York Public Library digital collection  (X p. 156)

96. "Thornton's sketch showing how he reconciled to having brick building close to the President's house" Library of Congress  (X p. 157)

97. "Square 688 in "historic" map showing sites of houses in 1801-2" Library of Congress  (X p. 158)

98. "Latrobe's house design for Tayloe" Copied from Ridout, Building the Octagon p. 41  (X p. 158)

99. "1796 division of Square 170 into lots" Snip from Office of Surveyor (X p. 158)

100. "Latrobe's Bank of Pennsylvania" Birch's Views of Philadelphia (X p. 159)

101. "Thornton had a tendency to study open spaces not building lots" Snip of L'Enfant Plan  (X p. 161)

102. "19th century drawing of Mount Airy" Snip of drawing in Encyclopedia of Virginia (X p. 162)

103. Thornton's Lot 17 in Square 171 in relation to Tayloe's Lot 8 in Square 170  (X p. 162)

104. "An 1818 map shows the slope of Square 171" A snip from map in Library of Congress: (X p, 163)

105. "An 1813 painting shows the terrain south of the Octagon" Octagon Museum (X p. 163)

106. "Likely Thornton's floor plan for a house on Square 171" Library of Congress  (X p. 163)

107. "Lovering's Executive office building" Massachusetts Historical Society (X p. 165)

108. "Likely an unfinished drawing for Thornton's never published book celebrating his Capitol design. The actual North Wing does not have fluted pilasters." Library of Congress  (X p. 166)

109. "Renovation of the White House in 1949 revealed how ceiling and floors were constructed in 1797 or when Hoban restored the building in 1816"  National Archive photos (Chapter XI  p. 169)

110."Slave apprentice carpenters owned by Hoban, Peter, Ben, Henry and Daniel, are at the bottom of the payroll" National Archives  (XI p.  170)

111. "Crop of Tortola design showing roofs" Snip of design found at  Library of Congress (XI p. 170)

112. "John Adams in 1798 by William Winstanley" National Park Service  (XI p. 173)

113. "The Polish poet Niemcewicz in later life"  Wikipedia (XI p. 176)

114. "The 1949 renovation of the White House revealed the importance of bricks in the original construction of the public buildings"  National Archives (XI p. 177)

115. "An Edward Savage painting unveiled in 1796 captures the General's problems in 1798: once again in command of the army and once again pondering the city's plan. This time for a site for two houses" National Gallery of Art (Chapter XII p. 180)

116. "Law's 1800 house became the fulcrum of the New Varnum Hotel" copied from Greenleaf and Law in the Federal City p. 247 (XII p. 180)

117. "The Octagon in the 20th century" photograph, Library of Congress: (XII p. 181)

118. "Latrobe sketch of Law's house" copied from Creating Capitol Hill p. 128 (XII p. 182)

119. "Glenn Brown drawing of Octagon floor plan" Snip from "Architectural Record", 1896 , Vol. VI, July-September p. 62  (XII p. 183)

120. "'Treaty Room'" in the Octagon" DC Preservation League  (XII p. 183)

121. "Hoban's 1792 Floor Plan for President's House" White House Historical Society  (XII p. 184)

122. "Woodlands" copied from tumblr (XII p. 184)

123. "Birch drawing of Morris's unfinished house 1800" Birch's Views of Philadelphia  (XII p. 185)

124. "Square 253 where Thornton lived from 1797 until his death in 1828" Library of Congress (XII p. 186)

125. "Square 689 divided by Daniel Carroll and Thomas Law with the latter owning Lots 1, 2, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19" Surdocs Image View (XII p. 187)

126. "Page 3 of Law-Lovering contract, end of first part and beginning of second made after September 12, 1798" Mount Vernon Museum Library "Particular description..."  (XII p. 187

127. "Stier's Riverdale" Snip of photo by Jack Boucher HABS  (XII p. 190)

128. "The floor-plan Washington sent to White" Mount Vernon Museum (XII p. 192)

129." Hallet's section and elevation of Capitol" Library of Congress  (XII p. 194)

130. "George Blagden "  (XII p. 195)

131. "Two houses built by the General on right. Street below had been leveled during construction of the New Capitol. The house on the left was not built by Thornton" (XII p. 197)

132. "18th century dragoon" Civil War history  (Chapter XIII p. 200)

133. "Mrs. Anne Ogle Tayloe and two daughters 1799" Wikimedia  (XIII p. 202)

134. "William Fitzhugh" Colonial Virginia portraits  (XIII p. 204)

135. "Thornton's supposed first take on the Octagon design" Library of Congress  (XIII p. 205)

136. "Thornton's supposed second take on the design" Library of Congress  (XIII p. 205)

137. "Glenn Brown's drawing of the Octagon floor plan"  Snip from "Architectural Record", 1896 , Vol. VI, July-September p. 62  (XIII p. 206)

138. "Treaty room"  DC Preservation League  (XIII p. 206)

139. "Payroll for slave sawyers " National Archives' holding described (XIII p. 209)

139A. "What had been built under Lovering was later added to throughout the 19th century. The porch and back buildings were not his design. The secular steeple was likely within the $12,000 budget for the project." Maryland AHGP  (XIII p 214)

140. "Lovering's design of Octagon stable" Library of Congress  (XIII p. 214)

141. "A miniature of Thornton by Robert Field, ca. 1800" Smithsonian American Art Museum (Chapter XIV p. 215)

142. "Latrobe drawing of Mount Vernon in 1797"  Mount Vernon Ladies Association(XIV p. 216)

143. "Walker's lots showing houses built by 1802" Snip from "historic" map showing sites of houses in 1801-2" Library of Congress  (XIV p. 216)

144. "Scott's Rock Hill" Library of Congress as noted in Washington Chronicles  (XIV p. 217)

145. "Bernard the Actor" New England Historical Society  (XIV p. 219)

146. "Eleanor Custis "Nelly" Lewis. 1804 Stuart" National Gallery of Art  (XIV p. 220)

147. "Law was so excited by the fan shape of his kitchen in the basement that he drew it" Snip from letter from Law to Greenleaf, 9 April 1800, Adams Papers  (XIV p. 222)

148. "Daniel Carroll of Duddington's house"  Library of Congress (XIV p. 223)

149." 1782 engraving of Peter the Great on a horse and mountain" Russia Beyond  (XIV p. 228)

150. "Thornton's massy rock monument " Snip from Thornton to Blodget 24 February 1800 (XIV p. 229)

151. "Above early 19th century topographical map, below Hawkins 20th century reconstruction of same area" Both maps are in Library of Congress (XIV p. 231)

152. "Lots in Square 171"  Surdocs (XIV p. 232)

153. "Thornton's Design for his Lot in Square 171" Library of Congress (XIV p. 232)

154. "Mrs. William Thornton by Gilbert Stuart 1804"  Wikimedia Commons (Chapter XV p. 235)

155. "Woodlawn" Library of Congress  (XV p. 236)

156. "Bishop Carroll in 1804, by Stuart; a good reason to show this is that there are no portraits of his older brother Daniel the commissioner" Georgetown University  (XV p. 237)

157. "1907 photo of cathedral designed by Latrobe" Catholic Encyclopedia  (XV p. 237)

158. "Carroll's Row" after Civil War"  Library of Congress (XV p. 238)

159. "Coade stone fireplace in Octagon Museum" Octagon Museum  (XV p. 242)

160. "Godolphin Arabian"  Wellcome Collection (XV p. 244)

161. "American Eclipse" Wikipedia  (XV p. 246)

162. "Sir Archy and the Rattler broadside"  (XV p. 247)

163. "Federal style townhouses with dormer windows on the 1300 block of F Street" Library of Congress (XV p. 248)

164. "Thornton's Tudor Place floor plan" Library of Congress  and also plan of what was built (XV p. 249)

165. "Thornton's Tudor Place elevation" Library of Congress  (XV p. 249)

166. The Octagon was finally finished in April 1802, Library of Congress: (XV p. 249)

167. "Lovell's Hotel" DC Library  also see Hotels of Washington (XV p. 251)

169. "Lovering's mangle" Lovering to Jefferson 16 June 1802 (XV p. 251)

170. "Mrs. Thornton's father?" Wikipedia (XV p. 252)

171. "Detail from Birch's 1800 watercolor of North Wing. The building itself took only one third of the canvas. Did a lack of ornaments make a distant view more congenial than a closer look?" Library of Congress (Chapter XVI p. 253) 

172. "Thornton by his friend Gilbert Stuart, 1804" NGA Wikipedia (XVI p. 255)

173. "Montpelier"  (XVI p. 257)

174. "Morris's Folly"  Birch's Views of Philadelphia (XVI p. 258)

175. "Latrobe's design for Mausoleum" US Cap. Hist. Soc. (XVI p. 258)

176. "Benjamin Latrobe by Charles Wilson Peale" Wikipedia (XVI p. 258)

177. "Snip of Thornton's book on slavery"  (XVI p. 260)

178. "Custis Mansion in 1853" Encyclopedia of Virginia (XVI p. 261)

179. "Latrobe's inscriptions on Thornton plan the president gave him"  (XVI p. 262)

180. "Floor plan Latrobe gave to Jefferson in 1806. Below is Thornton's floor plan" Library of Congress  (XVI p. 263)

181. "Latrobe water color of what Capitol would look like that he gave to Jefferson in 1806" Library of Congress  (XVI p. 265)

182."Latrobe's Senate" Library of Congress  (XVI p. 267)

183. "Latrobe Drawing of Capitol Columns after the fire" copied from  Latrobe to Jefferson, 12 July 1815 (XVI p. 267)

184. "Thornton's plan for Pavilion" Founders On-line VII  (XVI p. 269)

185. "Pavilion VII" U. of Virginia (XVI p. 270)

186. "Woodblock print of Hadfield's dome" Snip from Bryan, History of National Capital vol. 1 p. 318  (XVI p. 271)

187. "Engraving of Hoban's South Front of President's House" A snip from map in Library of Congress (XVI p. 272)

188. "Engraving of Thornton's East Front of Capitol" A snip from map in Library of Congress (XVI p. 272)

188A. 1851 engraving of City Hall designed by Hadfield and built between 1820-1849" Library of Congress (XVI

189. "Col. William Thornton, the Doctor's friend among the enemy" Natl. Portrait Gallery UK (Chapter XVII p. 274)

190. "Mrs. Thornton notes disgruntled patent applicants" Snip from AMT notebook, volume 3, image 47  (XVII p. 275)

191. "Snip of engraving of Fulton by Benjamin West" Snip from engraving in NPG UK of the 1806 portrait (XVII p. 277)

192. "Drawings in Fulton's patent application, dated November 20, 1810"  NY Public Library (Mostly) IP History blog (XVII p. 279)

193. "Capitol after the British burned it" Library of Congress  (XVII p. 283)

194. "James Monroe" Metropolitan Museum  (XVII p. 284)

195. "Portrait of Thornton circa 1820. It remained in the artist's estate and, unlike most of the painting by Charles Bird King, wound up in the Redwood Library in Newport rather than a Washington DC institution. Perhaps Thornton couldn't afford it or didn't like it"  Redwood Library and Athenaeum. (XVII p. 284)

196. "Secretary of State John Quincy Adams" White House Historical Association  (XVII p. 287)

197. "Adams's Tympanum: the sculptor Persico wanted Hercules; Adams decided on Hope instead" Architect of the Capitol (XVII p. 288)

198. Capitol 1832  (XVII p. 291)